Clinical Trials

Inclusion Criteria - Caregiver:

• Citizen of Botswana.
• Legal guardian of child to be enrolled.
• ≥ 18 years old.
• Able to provide informed consent.
• Must consent to allow HIV testing and counseling of child.
• Must consent to allow female children ≥ 12 years old to undergo pregnancy testing.
• Women recruited in pregnancy must be willing to undergo HIV testing and counseling if not known to be living with HIV.
• Pregnant women must be 22-28 weeks gestation with a singleton pregnancy.
• Women recruited in pregnancy must have the intent to breastfeed their infant.
• For newly recruited adolescents1 for Aim 4, biological mother must be alive and willing to undergo HIV-testing and test negative for HIV.

Inclusion Criteria - Children/Adolescents:

• < 18 years old
• For CHEU ≥ 16 years, disclosure of maternal HIV status
• Provision of assent if age and developmentally appropriate
• Children ≥ 13 years old; willingness to consent to continued study participation if they reach 18 years of age while on study.
• For children and adolescents providing written informed assent for study enrollment:
  • Must assent to HIV testing & counseling;
  • Must assent to pregnancy testing if female and ≥ 12 years old.

Exclusion Criteria - Caregiver:

• Incarceration during any period of study, including at enrollment.
• Non-pregnant biological mothers of a prospectively recruited adolescents testing positive for HIV during screening for study eligibility.
• Women enrolled in pregnancy who do not experience a liveborn delivery.
• Women enrolled in pregnancy who are lost to follow-up before delivery.

Exclusion Criteria - Children/Adolescents:

• Child may not be HIV positive at time of enrollment.
• Female adolescent cannot be pregnant at time of enrollment.
• Incarceration during period of study.