Inclusion Criteria:

• Adults, 50+ years old and older. There is no upper age limit for the subject if they are an independent, self-sufficient person, in good general health, and are able to pass a routine, standard evaluation.
• An equal cohort of male and female subjects.

To be enrolled as presbycusis patient, the Vaden et al. 2017, one of the criteria needed to be:

• fulfilled;
• Older-normal presbycusis phenotype: (audiograms with thresholds in low to midfrequency less than 20 dB hearing level and slightly increased thresholds for higher frequencies);
• Metabolic (audiograms with mild, flat hearing losses at lower frequencies and gradually sloping hearing loss at higher frequencies) with hearing thresholds no more than 50dB;
• Sensory (steeply sloping 50- to 70-dB threshold shifts that predominantly affect higher frequencies;
• Metabolic plus sensory (combined metabolic declines and sensory damage);
• Functional presbycusis measured by speech audiometry and subjective hearing difficulties;
• No vestibular symptoms or signs.

To be enrolled as presbyvestibulopathy patient, the Bárány Society criteria needed to be fulfilled (Strupp et al., 2017) with no objective functional presbycusis.

To be enrolled as presbycusis and presbyvestibulopathy patient, the Bárány Society criteria needed to be fulfilled with an objective and/or functional presbycusis.

Exclusion Criteria:

• Patients who have been previously diagnosed with depression or cognitive deficits.