Inclusion Criteria:

• Healthy men and women between the ages of 21-35 years or 65-85 years

Exclusion Criteria:

• Diabetes or fasting plasma glucose ³126 mg/dL

• Body mass index (BMI) ≤20 or ³30 kg/m²

• Anemia (female subjects hemoglobin of ≤11 g/dl and male subjects hemoglobin ≤12 g/dl)

• Active coronary artery disease or history of unstable macrovascular disease (unstable angina, myocardial infarction, stroke, and revascularization of coronary, peripheral or carotid artery within 3 months of recruitment)

• Renal failure (serum creatinine >1.5mg/dl)

• Chronic active liver disease (AST >144IU/L or ALT >165IU/L)

• Oral warfarin group medications or history of blood clotting disorders.

• Smoking

• Pregnancy or breastfeeding

• Alcohol consumption greater than 2 glasses/day

• Untreated thyroid dysfunction (TSH undetectable or >6)

• Thrombocytopenia (platelets <126)

• Orthopedic  conditions or undiagnosed illness that could be exacerbated by study procedures

• Use of medications known to influence study outcomes or increase risk, such as anticoagulants and chronic anti-inflammatory medications (NSAIDS, corticosteroids)

• Debilitating chronic disease (at the discretion of the investigators)

Note: Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria may apply.

Eligibility last updated 07/23/2026. Questions regarding updates should be directed to the study team contact.