Inclusion Criteria:

• English-speaking
• Age over 18 years old
• Scheduled cesarean delivery 

Exclusion Criteria:

• Any contraindication to the administration of a spinal technique for anesthesia 
• History of intolerance or adverse reaction to opioid medications 
• History of chronic pain, opioid use >30 OME/day, or substance use disorder  
• History of obstructive sleep apnea, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, or respiratory compromise (SpO2 <92% on room air, or has a pre-existing oxygen requirement) 
• History of liver or kidney failure 
• Diagnosis of pre-eclampsia with current pregnancy 
• Depression requiring more than one medication 
• Planned use of CSE technique 
• BMI >50.0 kg/m2 
• ASA status IV, V 
• No prior history of an ECG demonstrating QTc > 440ms 
• Surgical complication requiring conversion to general anesthesia or need for supplemental analgesia >100mcg IV fentanyl; >2 mg of IV midazolam; any amount of IV ketamine, propofol, morphine, hydromorphone, remifentanil, or sufentanil; and/or inhaled nitrous oxide. 

Note: Other protocol defined Inclusion/Exclusion Criteria may apply.

Eligibility last updated 11/04/2024. Questions regarding updates should be directed to the study team contact.